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Optics Tutorial

  • Diffraction Gratings
  • Monochromators & Spectrographs
  • Throughput & Etendue
  • Optical Signal: Noise & Stray Light
  • Wavelength & Pixel Position
  • Entrance Optics
  • Monochromator Definitions
  • References
  • Optical Spectroscopy Research
  • Optical Spectroscopy OEM
  • Gratings, OEM & VUV
Home » Scientific » Products » Optics Tutorial

The Optics of Spectroscopy
A Tutorial by J.M. Lerner and A. Thevenon

The Optics of Spectroscopy
A Tutorial by J.M. Lerner and A. Thevenon

Section 1: DIFFRACTION GRATINGS ­ RULED & HOLOGRAPHIC

  • 1.1 Basic Equations
  • 1.2 Angular Dispersion
  • 1.3 Linear Dispersion
  • 1.4 Wavelength and Order
  • 1.5 Resolving "Power"
  • 1.6 Blazed Gratings
    • 1.6.1 Littrow Condition
    • 1.6.2 Efficiency Profiles
    • 1.6.3 Efficiency and Order
  • 1.7 Diffraction Grating Stray Light
    • 1.7.1 Scattered Light
    • 1.7.2 Ghosts
  • 1.8 Choice of Gratings
    • 1.8.1 When to Choose a Holographic Grating
    • 1.8.2 When to Choose a Ruled Grating

Section 2: MONOCHROMATORS & SPECTROGRAPHS

  • 2.1 Basic Designs
  • 2.2 Fastie­Ebert Configuration
  • 2.3 Czerny­Turner Configuration
  • 2.4 Czerny­Turner/Fastie­Ebert PGS Aberrations
    • 2.4.1 Aberration Correcting Plane Gratings
  • 2.5 Concave Aberration Corrected Holographic Gratings
  • 2.6 Calculating α and β in a Monochromator Configuration
  • 2.7 Monochromator System Optics
  • 2.8 Aperture Stops and Entrance and Exit Pupils
  • 2.9 Aperture Ratio (f/value,f/Number),and Numerical Aperture (NA)
    • 2.9.1 f/value of a Lens System
    • 2.9.2 f/value of a Spectrometer
    • 2.9.3 Magnification and Flux Density
  • 2.10 Exit Slit Width and Anamorphism
  • 2.11 Slit Height Magnification
  • 2.12 Bandpass and Resolution
    • 2.12.1 Influence of the Slits (P1(λ))
    • 2.12.2 Influence of Diffraction (P2 (λ))
    • 2.12.3 Influence of Aberrations (P3 (λ))
    • 2.12.4 Determination of the FWHM of the Instrumental Profile
    • 2.12.5 Image Width and Array Detectors
    • 2.12.6 Discussion
  • 2.13 Order and Resolution
  • 2.14 Dispersion and Maximum Wavelength
  • 2.15 Order and Dispersion
  • 2.16 Choosing a Monochromator/Spectrograph

Section 3: SPECTROMETER THROUGHPUT & ETENDUE

  • 3.1 Definitions
    • 3.1.1 Introduction to Etendue
  • 3.2 Relative System Throughput
    • 3.2.1 Calculation of the Etendue
  • 3.3 Flux Entering the Spectrometer
  • 3.4 Example of Complete System Optimization with a Small Diameter Fiber Optic Light Source
  • 3.5 Example of Complete System Optimization with an Extended Light Source
  • 3.6 Variation of Throughput and Bandpass with Slit Widths
    • 3.6.1 Continuous Spectral Source
    • 3.6.2 Discrete Spectral Source

Section 4: OPTICAL SIGNAL­ TO ­NOISE RATIO AND STRAY LIGHT

  • 4.1 Random Stray Light
    • 4.1.1 Optical Signal­-to-­Noise Ratio in a Spectrometer
    • 4.1.2 The Quantification of Signal
    • 4.1.3 The Quantification of Stray Light
    • 4.1.4 Optimization of Signal-­to-­Noise Ratio
    • 4.1.5 Example of S/N Optimization
  • 4.2 Directional Stray Light
    • 4.2.1 Incorrect Illumination of the Spectrometer
    • 4.2.2 Re-­entry Spectra
    • 4.2.3 Grating Ghosts
  • 4.3 S/N Ratio and Slit Dimensions
    • 4.3.1 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Source
    • 4.3.2 The Case for a SINGLE Monochromator and MONOCHROMATIC Light
    • 4.3.3 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a CONTINUUM Light Source
    • 4.3.4 The Case for a DOUBLE Monochromator and a MONOCHROMATIC Light Source

Section 5: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WAVELENGTH AND PIXEL POSITION ON AN ARRAY

  • 5.1 The Determination of Wavelength at a Given Location on a Focal Plane
    • 5.1.1 Discussion of Results
    • 5.1.2 Determination of the Position of a Known Wavelength in the Focal Plane

Section 6: ENTRANCE OPTICS

  • 6.1 Choice of Entrance Optics
    • 6.1.1 Review of Basic Equations
  • 6.2 Establishing the Optical Axis of the Monochromator System
    • 6.2.1 Materials
    • 6.2.2 Procedure
  • 6.3 Illuminating a Spectrometer
  • 6.4 Entrance Optics Examples
    • 6.4.1 Aperture Matching a Small Source
    • 6.4.2 Aperture Matching an Extended Source
    • 6.4.3 Demagnifying a Source
  • 6.5 Use of Field Lenses
  • 6.6 Pinhole Camera Effect
  • 6.7 Spatial Filters

References

  • Acknowledgments
  • Bibliography
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