材料科学

碳作为物质的一种成分，大致可分为有机碳和无机碳。有机碳是指有机物中含有的碳，而无机碳是指碳元素和碳酸盐碳。从未知星球采集的样本中出现碳酸盐，表明该星球上可能存在水。因此，碳酸盐的测定在太空科学中非常重要。

近年来，核壳颗粒因其独特的智能特性而备受瞩目。尺寸、形貌和组成是强烈影响此类结构性能及其适用场景的关键因素。

Rubber O-rings are widely used to seal and join components. Materials are selected based on performance needs. Choosing the wrong material can cause leakage or process/product failure. In this application note, we demonstrated HORIBA’s XGT-9000 micro-XRF as a non-destructive tool to help differentiate rubber O-rings.

The challenges of developing stable perovskite material and fabrication processes for commercial use require the use of several spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, Photoluminescence (PL), and Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), etc. to characterize and optimize the material design and fabrication processes.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are next-generation thin-film photovoltaics utilizing crystal-structured materials to achieve high efficiency (over 26%), low-cost manufacturing, and mechanical flexibility. These cells are promising alternatives to silicon, offering tunable bandgaps for tandem applications, though they currently face challenges regarding long-term stability and commercial scalability.

多晶硅作为硅片的重要原材料，其内部的碳含量直接影响硅片的导电性能。随着高纯度硅片的广泛应用，准确了解多晶硅原材料中的碳含量并对其进行精确控制至关重要。然而，研究人员面临的挑战在于，碳在这些材料中可能以多种形态存在，如以碳酸盐形式或以 CO2 形式附着，这种复杂性使得在极低浓度下分析碳含量并区分其具体存在形式变得异常困难。

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is a technique that measures particle size based on the motion of individual particles. NTA is typically used for small particles that primarily experience Brownian motion. In cases with large or dense particles, sedimentation becomes the dominant force. The ViewSizer 3000 has a separate module, Sedimentation Analysis, that sizes sinking particles with diameters up to 15 microns based on Stokes’ law. In this application note, 3, 5, and 12 micron polystyrene latex particles were measured on the ViewSizer 3000 with Sedimentation Analysis.

In this application note, we used the SZ-100V2 to evaluate the stability of LUDOX® TM-50, a colloidal silica slurry. Two samples were analyzed: one from a newly opened bottle ("Fresh LUDOX®") and one from a bottle that had been opened and stored for over a year ("Aged LUDOX®"). By measuring and comparing the zeta potential and particle size of these samples, we demonstrate how the SZ-100V2 can effectively monitor the stability of colloidal silica.

激光衍射法在颗粒表征领域十分常用。研究人员把激光衍射法与图像分析单元搭配使用，能够实时对比 D10、D50、D90 这些经典的颗粒参数值，同时还能获取有关颗粒形状或分散状态的信息。该实验证明了这种补充技术的实用性。

在聚合过程中，随着单体基团的添加以及聚合物链的延长，碳碳双键（>C=C<）会逐渐消失。拉曼光谱作为一种能够揭示分子结构组成的强大技术，非常适合用于分析化学反应过程，因此已被成功应用于聚合反应的研究。本应用文档将探讨环氧树脂的固化，即发生聚合交联反应形成三维固体的过程。 本应用文档将探讨环氧树脂的固化，即发生聚合交联反应形成三维固体的过程。

墨粉作为电子照相打印和复印工艺中的关键耗材，其性能对打印图像质量起着至关重要的作用。为获取高质量、高分辨率的打印图像，所合成的墨粉颗粒需具备特定特性，诸如特定的粒径大小与形状特征。有研究表明，使用粒径较小的墨粉能有效提升图像质量。本文使用 HORIBA Partica LA-960V2 激光粒度分析仪，对黑色墨粉的粒径分布分析方法进行了优化。

Robust concentration measurement is an important performance metric for nanoparticle tracking analysis. Commercially available concentration standards validated by orthogonal techniques, such as TEM or sp-ICP-MS, can be used to assess concentration accuracy. However, not every laboratory has access to reference material, or requires this level of accuracy for routine verification. In this study, NIST-traceable polystyrene latex (PSL) standards were used to evaluate dilution linearity...

为了使油漆和涂料具备优秀的色彩表现，其颗粒粒径应小于1至2微米。因此，精确掌握粒径分布成为研究的核心要素之一。本研究借助先进的 HORIBA LA-960V2 激光粒度分析仪，对两种不同品质的涂料样品中的碳酸钙进行了粒度分布的深入分析。

采用十四种不同粒径的单分散聚苯乙烯乳胶（PSL）混合样品，对离心沉降法的分辨率和定量分析能力进行评估。

A mixed sample of five sizes of monodispersed PSL was used to evaluate the resolution and quantitative capability of the centrifugal sedimentation method.

In this application note, a nanobubble sample was measured with the ViewSizer 1000 Nanoparticle Tracking Analyzer.

In this application note, Fuso PL1 colloidal silicas were measured using the ViewSizer 1000 Nanoparticle Tracking Analyzer to investigate its ability to visualize small particles with lower scattering properties, and to check the resolution capabilities in identifying trace oversize particles.

LEDs are light-emitting diodes with an organic layer designed to emit certain wavelengths of light in response to current, and are used in a variety of applications like high-end TV screens, computer monitors, and smartphones. Of the possible compounds to make up the organic layer, fluorene copolymers are an important organic compound with high photoluminescence and blue light emission. In addition to being used in OLEDs, fluorene copolymers can also be used in solar cells and in bioimaging applications.

Silicone emulsions are used in a variety of applications like polishing, lubricating, and sealing. Measuring the particle size of silicone emulsions is important, as smaller size emulsions are generally clearer, more stable, and penetrate deeper into substrates. Using a technique like nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) can be useful in determining the efficiency of the emulsification process by having a higher resolution to accurately characterize the width and tails of the distribution, especially on the larger side.

For a normal nanoparticle tracking analysis measurement, the particles are generally smaller than 1 micron and show random Brownian motion rather than settling motion. However, when particles start to get larger than 1 micron, they tend to show more settling motion than Brownian motion, requiring a different equation to size the particles. The exact size at which the particle starts to show more settling motion than Brownian motion depends on the particle’s density, but when settling is observed, the particle size can be calculated using the Stokes’ Law, which relates the speed of settling to the particle size.

Repeatability is an important factor that is often overlooked with NTA measurements, but it is good practice to always check repeatability when performing measurements as it not only checks that the instrument is giving accurate and repeatable results, it also checks that the sample is stable at that dilution or measurement condition. In this application note, Fuso PL-71 colloidal silica was measured fifteen times on the same sampling to evaluate instrument repeatability and sample stability.

One advantage that the nanoparticle tracking analysis technique has over other particle sizing techniques is the ability to resolve multiple peaks in a sample, allowing for multi-modal size and concentration analysis of each population in a sample. Other techniques, like laser diffraction or dynamic light scattering, will often struggle when the sizes of different populations in a sample start to get too close, and are instead measured as a single peak.

The ability to measure a sample across a broad range of sizes can be challenging for NTA instruments in general. Small size particles need high energy laser scattering due to the exponential decay in Mie scattering below 100 nm, while large size particles need low energy laser scattering to avoid excessive laser diffraction patterns and to better visualize and track the particles. The ViewSizer 1000 helps address this.

为评估离心沉降法分辨率，研究人员用 Partica CENTRIFUGE CN-300 测量三种不同尺寸且获 NIST 认证、经显微镜校准的聚苯乙烯乳胶样品。样品具良好均匀性，为特殊设计标准样品，广泛用于相关评估。

Reflectance is a measure of the fraction of incident radiant energy that is reflected off a surface or a series of optical interfaces. Transmittance measures the fractional radiant energy transmitted through an optical material. These parameters are often measured as a function of wavelength – hence, reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy.

Volumetric (static) gas adsorption has been the standard method for determining specific surface area via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory. It is well understood, widely validated, and deeply embedded in quality control and R&D workflows across industries—from pharmaceuticals to advanced materials and mineral processing. This article examines why dynamic adsorption instruments are gaining traction and where they offer tangible advantages over traditional volumetric systems.

Characterizing advanced optical coatings requires more than thickness measurements. Discover how HORIBA UVISEL Plus combines advanced optical modeling and automated wafer mapping to reveal optical properties, film quality, and spatial uniformity within a single workflow.

How can optical coating performance be predicted beyond the measured conditions? Discover how HORIBA UVISEL Plus combines multi-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and advanced optical modeling to accurately characterize mirror coatings and predict their optical behavior at non-measured incidence angles.

Measuring the amount of oversize agglomerates for CMP slurries is crucial in maintaining the polishing performance in semiconductor fabs. Large particle counters struggle to count sizes below 500 nm, while particle sizing techniques like dynamic light scattering struggle to have enough resolution to see tails of the distribution above the main peak.

在常规粒径分析仪中，相同尺寸的颗粒无论材质如何均被测量为相同尺寸，这使得不同材料的颗粒混合时难以区分。离心沉降式粒径分析仪通过测量颗粒沉降速度，并利用颗粒密度信息将其转换为粒径值。因此，相同尺寸但密度不同的颗粒会呈现不同的沉降速度，从而实现分别测量。

Nuclear targets with well-controlled deposition thickness are critical for reproducible experimental conditions and reliable data in nuclear physics beamline experiments. HORIBA’s micro-XRF system, XGT-9000, enables non-destructive layer thickness distribution imaging, and we demonstrate the feasibility using a Yb/C/Glass sample having a non-uniform Yb deposition. This application note shows that the ability provides feedback for the target development non-destructively and ensures consistent experimental performance.

Microplastics are small particles of synthetic polymers, typically ranging in size from 1 µm to 5 mm that are insoluble in water. They can either be intentionally manufactured or they can form through the mechanical degradation of larger plastic objects. Their persistence and resistance to environmental degradation in natural ecosystems means that these particles are now recognized as emerging contaminants of global concern.

Surfactants are molecules that decrease surface tension and interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants distribute themselves to have a higher concentration at the solid/liquid interface, than in the surrounding liquid phase. This excess concentration arises at the solid/liquid interface because the surfactant's molecular structure consists of one portion that is soluble in a liquid, and another portion which is insoluble in the same liquid.

Exciting and collecting TERS responses on WS2 thin flakes with two laser simultaneously enriches their spectral response and yields precious insights on their optoelectronic properties, while reducing the total acquisition time and avoiding any probe enhancement variation.

Measuring nanoparticles below 10 nm is usually tricky for most particle size distribution analyzers, as the scattering signal from particles that small tend to be very low. Dynamic light scattering is usually the only particle sizing technique that can size particles that small, but the absolute lower limits of the technique is often not probed. In this application note, the nanoPartica SZ-100V2 was used to measure sucrose solutions and allulose solutions to investigate the lower size limit of the instrument using the Nano Analysis Mode.

The ability to measure nanoparticles down to 10 nm is becoming more and more important to numerous fields as processes and products become more refined and demand for higher resolution particle size distribution data increases. In this application note, the ViewSizer 3000 was used to measure 10 nm silver nanoparticles confirmed by sizing from transmission electron microscope (TEM) images.

In this application note, a ~26 nm nanogold sample was measured with two different setups of detector angle and detector position using the HORIBA SZ-100V2 nanoparticle analyzer. One setup was with the 90° detector and cell center position, and the other setup was with the 173° detector and cell wall position. The absorption spectrum of the nanogold was also confirmed using a HORIBA Duetta Fluorescence and Absorbance Spectrometer.

Mono-disperse polystyrene latex (PSL) standards are commonly used to verify accuracy and proper operation of laser diffraction particle size analyzers. As these materials are somewhat different from normal materials, proper conditions and procedures are necessary to ensure correct results.

The Fluorolog-QM’s advanced modularity supports the characterization of electroluminescent materials across a broad time range, from nanoseconds to seconds, without the need for external devices.

碳材料因其在能源存储等众多工业领域的广泛应用而具有至关重要的地位。对碳材料进行精准分析，是保障其质量与性能的关键。然而，碳材料结构复杂且形态多样，如晶体缺陷的存在及微观形貌的差异，均给其精确表征带来了显著挑战。

石墨烯是由碳原子以二维蜂窝状晶格排列而成的单层材料，具有卓越的电学、热学和力学特性，因此成为多个科学领域广泛研究的对象。本应用说明报告了一项在 SiO₂/Si 基底上对剥离石墨烯进行共定位原子力显微镜-拉曼测量实验。

本应用文档介绍了利用 AFM-拉曼光谱技术对二维材料垂直范德华异质结构（包括 hBN/石墨烯/WSe₂ 和 hBN/双层石墨烯/hBN/石墨栅/hBN/SiO₂/Si）进行的共定位表征。

Mono-disperse polystyrene latex (PSL) standards are commonly used to verify accuracy and proper operation of laser diffraction particle size analyzers. As these materials are somewhat different from normal materials, proper conditions and procedures are necessary to ensure correct results.

氢氧化钙，亦称熟石灰或消石灰，是一种在化工行业中广泛应用的粉末状物质。氢氧化钙的表面积在其化学反应的方式和速率上起着关键作用。

高岭石是最广泛分布且常见的一种黏土矿物，它是由长石等硅酸铝矿物经化学风化作用生成的一种质地柔软的矿物。为使高岭石适用于不同用途，需对其进行研磨以获得目标粒径和表面积。

膨润土的表面积至关重要，因为它会显著影响其在各类应用中的反应性、吸附能力以及功效。膨润土黏土因其独特的层状结构和微小的颗粒尺寸，可具有较大的表面积。

The surface area of calcium carbonate plays a crucial role in determining its reactivity, effectiveness, and performance in various applications. A larger surface area means more opportunities for reactions with other substances, such as acids or other chemicals.

羟基磷灰石是钙磷灰石的一种天然矿物形态。它是脊椎动物骨骼和牙齿的主要矿物成分，也存在于牙本质和牙釉质等一些其他组织中。

Aluminum oxide, or alumina, is a compound composed of aluminum and oxygen. It is one of the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust and has many practical applications due to its unique properties.

石墨因独特的六边形晶格结构，由层层碳原子组成且层间易滑动，具备润滑性。其用途广泛，可作为工业润滑油中的干润滑剂；用于铅笔等书写工具；因高熔点和抗热震性成为耐火材料和冶金的关键成分；锂电池依靠其阳极储存释放能量；凭借优异导热导电性用于电子元件。此外，在石墨材料开发与性能优化时，对其表面积的研究十分关键，这会影响其实际应用表现。

三十年来，人们一直致力于三维结构的碳化研究，特别是在电子应用中。这些结构是在光刻技术的帮助下制备的，然后进行热解。为了制作100纳米以下的特征，尝试使用脂质纳米管的自下而上方法。

本文采用拉曼光谱、光致发光（PL）和扫描电镜-阴极发光（SEM-CL）等多种表征技术，对智能纳米材料进行综合性能分析。通过 nanoGPS 跨平台共定位技术，实现了不同显微技术间样品位置的精准定位，从而在纳米尺度上完成多维度表征数据的采集与叠加分析。

Graphene oxide is a nanocarbon material with a high aspect ratio and a high surface area with a thickness of about 1 nm and a sheet length of several to tens of microns.

氧化石墨烯是一种纳米碳材料，具有高长宽比和高比表面积，其厚度约为1纳米，片层长度为几微米至数十微米。

金纳米棒是呈棒状的金纳米颗粒。图1显示，由于金纳米棒具有各向异性形状，其在短轴和长轴方向上呈现出两个表面等离子体共振带。

碳纳米管（CNT）因其轻质、高强度和耐高电流密度等特性，作为电池材料等前沿科技材料正受到广泛关注并投入应用。基于这些卓越性能，其多样化应用场景正在不断拓展。

具有美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）可溯源认证平均直径的二氧化硅粒度标准品适用于多种颗粒测量应用。此次，将四种单分散胶体二氧化硅（西格玛奥德里奇公司，Sigma - AldrichTM，简称 SA）混合，以评估离心沉降法的分辨率和定量能力。

纤维素纳米晶体（Cellulose nanocrystals，CNC）是经化学处理解纤后得到的针状材料，其宽度约为5 - 20纳米，长度约为100 - 250纳米。了解纤维尺寸和分散状态十分重要。要了解分离的颗粒到团聚体这一宽范围的粒度分布，需要一种能够快速评估的分析方法。

纳米纤维素，作为一种源自木材的先进纤维材料，正成为复合材料领域的明星材料。其中，纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）以其独特的针状形态备受瞩目。经化学处理后，其宽度约为5~20 nm，长度可达100~250 nm。CNC作为石化产品的环保替代品，不仅成本效益显著，相较于其他高性能纳米材料更具吸引力，还展现出广泛的应用潜力，包括在溢油清理、工程技术、制药行业、容器创新以及生物降解食品包装等多个领域。 因此，为了深入了解纤维的尺寸和分散状态，开发一种分析方法至关重要。这种分析方法需要能够迅速且全面地评估从单个颗粒至大型聚集体范围内的粒度分布。

纳米纤维素是一种源自木材的纤维状物质，作为前沿材料正备受关注。通过2,2,6,6 - 四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基（TEMPO）氧化法制备的纤维素纳米纤维（CNF），是表面高密度引入羧基的纤维素纤维。这种类型的CNF制备效率高，其特点是纤维宽度极细且均匀，约为3纳米。要利用纳米纤维素，了解纤维直径和分散状态十分重要。为此，有必要采用一种能够在高分辨率下，对从良好分散的颗粒到团聚体的宽范围粒度分布进行快速评估的分析方法。

Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) technology is used as an indispensable fundamental technology in the manufacturing process of ultra-large-scale semiconductor integrated circuits (ULSI). CMP is a technique in which the surface of a substrate is softened, removed or flattened by chemical etching and frictional abrasion with a chemical slurry that contains abrasive particles. Fumed silica abrasive particles are synthesized in a gas phase reaction in flame and are dispersed as secondary particles that are aggregates of primary particles. They are known to have thiogenic properties. Although the rate of polishing is high for fumed silica, its polishing precision is inferior to that of colloidal silica.

MXenes 是规模广泛且发展迅速的二维（2D）材料。它们具有独特的性能，例如良好的导电性和亲水性表面。对纳米级成分的控制最终将实现材料性质的局部调控，从而更精准地掌控基于二维材料的系统。

Nanocellulose is a fibrous material derived from wood that is applied to composite materials and is attracting attention as an advanced material. In order to utilize nanocellulose, it is important to understand the fiber diameter and dispersion state. 3 types of nanocellulose were analyzed using the Partica CENTRIFUGE centrifugal nanoparticle analyzer.