Application corner

Spinel-type lithium manganate (LiMn2O4-σ) is said to change its discharge characteristics due to slight differences in composition caused by oxygen deficiency. The differences in the discharge characteristics of lithium manganate batteries are also observed in the particle size and crystal structure, but attention is also paid to the difference in the oxygen bonding ratio, as samples with less oxygen bonding have poorer discharge characteristics.

Stainless steel, Ti, Al, and Cu are commonly used as metal 3D printing materials, and customers have expressed a desire to be able to quickly manage the amounts of oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) in those materials. For example, if the Ti material contains a large amount of oxygen (O), oxides will be produced, which can lead to defects in the printed part.

Carbon, as a constituent of matter, is broadly classified into organic carbon and inorganic carbon. Organic carbon refers to carbon contained in organic materials, while inorganic carbon refers to elemental carbon and carbonate carbon. The presence of carbonate in a sample taken from an unknown planet indicates the possibility of the presence of water on that planet. Therefore, the determination of carbonate is very important in space science.

To accurately and quickly measure the amount of carbon and sulfur contained in the material.

Sulfer is added in the natural rubber to produce plastic materials. However, it is important to measure the sulfer contained in the rubber to define the chemical and mechanical properties of the final product.

As the steel materials are becoming more sophisticated, such as natural gas or crude oil pipeline, sulfur content is recommended below 0.5 ppm. Hence, more accurate ultra-trace amount sulfur analysis is required. Analysis of trace amount of sulfur in steel materials can be done quickly with the conventional combustion-infrared absorption method, but the problem is that the sensitivity of the detector is insufficient and it can not be measured.

The concentration of oxygen in silicon wafers has a significant impact on their electrical resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to control the concentration of oxygen, even in extremely small amounts, in silicon wafers. However, a challenge arises when analyzing highly doped single crystals. Due to their unique properties and high doping levels, the analysis of oxygen in these samples becomes more difficult. The presence of impurities and dopants can interfere with the accurate measurement of oxygen concentration using FT-IR spectroscopy.

Refineries are equipped with desulfurization units to remove sulfur from oil. The changes in Carbon and sulfur content in catalysts before and after the usage is very important to determine the efficiency and performance of developed catalyst. Therefore, a reliable quantitative analysis of carbon and sulfur is important.

While precious metals such as Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd are finite materials, they are essential for electronic components and functional materials. Therefore, it is important to separate and extract the necessary precious metals from the final products and recycle them as high-purity precious metals in order to secure resources and reduce costs. Impurities, which must be controlled, include light elements such as carbon, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. For example, Au (gold) used in electronic devices must be at least 99.999% pure.

This application note describes the method and conditions to use with the EMIA 820V C/S analyzer to measure cement.

From the perspective of ensuring energy security and reducing CO2 emissions, the use of nuclear energy is attracting worldwide attention. A joint declaration was also released by 25 countries setting forth a cooperation policy toward the ambitious goal of tripling the world's nuclear power generation capacity by 2050 compared to 2020 levels. The safety of nuclear fuel as well as the improvement of fuel performance is extremely important, and the content of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon must be strictly controlled in nuclear material performance.

Polysilicon, the raw material for silicon wafers, requires strict control of carbon content, which affects its conductivity. As higher purity silicon wafers are required, it is important to understand the amount of carbon contained in polysilicon supplied as a material. However, some carbon is present as carbonate and some is attached as CO2, making it very difficult to distinguish between them and analyze the extremely small amount of carbon.

Can we perform quantitative analysis of hydrogen in a titanium alloy to prevent hydrogen embrittlement?

To quickly and accurately quantify the oxygen contained as trace impurities in copper.

EMGA has been designed for accurate measurements of hydrogen content in different sample types such as ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, semiconductors or electronic materials. The hydrogen content is extracted by fusion of the sample in inert gas and analyzed by a high sensitivity thermal conductivity detector. It is also possible to avoid fusion and extract hydrogen content in the sample by heating below the melting point. The purpose of this note is to explain when to use fusion or solid extraction, the benefits, the applications and samples.

Can free carbon in SiC be rapidly and conveniently quantified?

This application note will show the relevance of the EMGA-920 to measure high levels of nitrogen while simultaneously determininig low levels of Oxygen with good precision.

Can we accurately and quickly measure the amount of carbon contained in the material?

Titanium oxide are used primarily in the production of paints and plastics and are also used in paper, priniting inks, cosmetics, textiles and food stuffs.

This application note will show the relevance of the EMGA-920 to measure high level of Nitrogen while maintaining the needed precision for Oxygen determination in AIN.

The aim of this application note is to explain the determination of organic and inorganic carbon in soils and how to prepare samples to eliminate inorganic carbon (carbonates) in these soils.

Each year the marketplace sees increasing demands for the analysis of hydrogen contained in various sample materials.

Ferrosilicon is added as a deoxidant and as an alloying element to steel, that require a special low carbon content. The Low Carbon in Ferrosilicon decreases the electrical conductivity and magnetostriction of electrical steels.

Copper in reddish metal, it is malleable, ductile and an extremely good conductor of both heat and electricity. Copper metal is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping, and corrosion resistant parts, either pure or in alloy such as brass and bronze. Carbon and Sulfur are considered as impurities, so it is important to measure and check the Copper purity.