拉曼学院-文献参考

通过利用拉曼光谱和微区 X 射线荧光光谱（µ-XRF）对辉光放电光谱（GD-OES）分析产生的弹坑进行检测，GD-OES 技术为您提供了一种表征底层表面的方法，可确认复杂有机 / 无机涂层表面未发生改变。

Raman microscopy combined with chemometric analysis enables precise, non-destructive characterization of cellulose sheets, determining crystallinity, amorphous content, and distinguishing cellulose I and II for optimized quality control.

Emerging display technologies demand high brightness, low power consumption and longer lifetime. Arrays, of self-emitting, micron-sized LEDs or Micro-LED (µLED), are considered a strong contender to replace current OLED or LCD displays.

Raman spectroscopy is an essential tool for the characterization of semiconductors. However, Raman spectroscopy's spatial resolution is limited by the diffraction limit to about 200-300 nanometers, which can be insufficient for analyzing the increasingly smaller features of modern electronic devices.

本文展示了粒径相关的拉曼光谱技术（Particle Correlated Raman Spectroscopy, PCRS）作为一种强大手段的优势，它能将粒子特性表征与化学物质鉴定相结合，从而让我们更深入地了解药物在不同药物剂型（喷雾剂、片剂、乳膏剂）中的性能表现。

拉曼光谱技术能够对 4H-SiC 半导体中的应力进行精确且无损的分析。本研究表明，拉曼光谱中的峰位偏移能够揭示由切割、研磨及化学机械抛光（CMP）等表面处理工艺所引发的应力变化，从而为电子器件制造中的质量控制和工艺优化提供有力支持。

Every analyst who has recorded Raman spectra is aware of the difficulties in accessing the information from the spectra when samples fluoresce. From the instrument’s point of view, the fluorescent emission is the same as the Raman emission; that is, there is an excitation laser wavelength and there is emission to the long wavelength side of the laser.

The orientation of a crystal can be determined from the phase shift of the experimental P/O micro-Raman diagram relative to that calculated for a particular crystal face.

智能纳米结构材料涉及对其形态和化学成分的广泛了解，以开发新的设计。光学和传输特性在很大程度上取决于此类纳米材料的形态。此外，人们还可以通过混合多种化学元素或化合物来广泛提高此类纳米结构的性能。拉曼、光致发光和扫描电镜阴极荧光联用系统（SEM-CL）等光谱学技术在全面鉴定此类复杂的新型纳米材料方面发挥着关键作用。然而，这类研究的一个关键点是能够通过所有可用技术在同一位置测量特定区域或人工痕迹。通过共聚焦技术，可以对样品进行全面表征，并对图像进行精确叠加。HORIBA 开发了一种新的重新定位解决方案，称为跨平台精准定位芯片（nanoGPS navYX™）。

为了更全面、精确地综合表征地质样本中矿物相与包裹体成分的空间分布，科研人员常需借助多样化的显微镜技术。然而，这一多技术融合的研究方法面临着一个关键挑战：在不同仪器间转移样品后，精确定位同一分析区域变得异常艰难。为克服这一共定位难题，HORIBA 创新性地推出了基于图像识别的 nanoGPS 技术。该技术以其高精度、快速性和便捷性，显著提升了不同仪器间样品特定区域的准确共定位能力。

Micro-Raman spectroscopy has been used to depth-profile a waveguide produced by an ion-exchange reaction in a single crystal of a ferroelectric metal oxide, and to reveal the changes in chemical bonding and atomic structure that occur in this process.

随着电动汽车及便携式设备对性能要求的持续提升，高性能电池研发及其材料物化特性监测需求将不断增长。在可充电锂离子电池领域，两类新型材料正获得更广泛应用：一类是作为正极材料的磷酸铁锂（LFP），另一类是作为负极材料的碳包覆硅。

双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池的关键部件，它主要作用是传输燃料气体和空气并导电。人们开发了各种材料和表面处理来提升它的性能。本文利用辉光放电光谱仪(GD-OES)和拉曼光谱仪对一辆商用燃料电池车的双极板进行了逆向工程研究。分析表明，在钛基板上有一层非晶态碳涂层。

在矿物学研究的所有信息中，陨石对我们认识宇宙起着至关重要的作用。通过研究这些物体，可以揭示生命历程和形成宜居世界的途径。 微区光谱学，如拉曼光谱和 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 提供了非常高的特异性和良好的空间分辨率，这是地质调查的两个关注点，此外这些表征技术是非破坏性的，研究中涉及的文物稀有且珍贵，这一点也尤为重要。 在本应用说明中，我们展示了两个案例：抛光陨石和石英中的气体包裹体，展示了拉曼光谱和 X 射线荧光如何帮助更好地了解我们的宇宙和生命起源。

本应用案例报道了未来纳米级电子和光电器件的高潜力半导体的二维材料（TMDCs）的纳米特性。扫描探针显微镜通过等离激元增强耦合光致发光（PL）和拉曼光谱技术，获得纳米尺度下的关键形貌信息和电子特性，从而产生纳米尺度下的相关电学和化学信息。

世界上过敏症的发病率在30-40%之间。即使存在抗组胺剂和脱敏剂等医疗手段，这个数字仍在不断增加。因此，在本应用说明中，通过拉曼光谱对空气过敏原的识别和化学特征分析，可以防止受呼吸道过敏影响的人在室内和室外空气中存在这种类型的过敏原。

本应用文档概述了三种不同的光谱工具用于表征防晒霜的相关特性，并讨论获得的相关结果。包括用于光活性研究的荧光光谱技术，用于成分研究的粒径分析以及用于配方研究的拉曼表征。

在食品工业中，化合物的表征是确保产品质量或向对过敏症敏感的顾客提供信息的关键步骤。在这篇应用文档中，我们展示了光谱学和激光衍射如何有助于食品化合物的表征，特别是对特定产品，如牛奶。

Polarized Raman spectra are presented along with a discussion of the association of the symmetry species of the normal vibrational mode and the depolarization ratio of Raman scattering.

本文探讨了拉曼光谱技术作为一种更为简便且灵活的方法，用于对化学机械抛光（CMP）浆料中的常见成分（如苯并三唑和甘氨酸）进行定量分析，且无需任何样品预处理，也无需使用昂贵的耗材。

利用脉冲式射频GD-OES可快速实现对塑料薄膜制造过程的优化和跟踪。GD Profiler2通过快速检测缺陷和污染物的存在，比较不同批次的产品，成为优化和跟踪制造过程的关键工具。此外，结合UFS模式被证实是一种灵活的分析有机和混合材料的技术，由此开辟了许多新的应用领域。 共焦显微拉曼光谱具有衍射极限的空间分辨率，可以在空间上分辨和检测这类薄层。 显微拉曼和超快速溅射射频GD-OES获得的薄膜深度分布信息一致，可多维共同表征这类聚合物材料。

在药物产品的研究中，颗粒特征（计数、大小和化学特征）和化合物分布（大小和空间）是决定产品质量的关键参数，因为这些属性对最终固体剂型的溶解速率（以及生物利用度）有着巨大的影响。监控这些属性对于原材料、加工过程中的中间产物和最终产品至关重要。在本应用报告内容所对应的实验使用了类似于药品混合物的粉末混合物。本文旨在展示将激光衍射技术和拉曼光谱技术联合应用在颗粒物表征方面的显著优点。

Segmented channel waveguides have been fabricated in single-crystal KTiOPO4 through a topotactic process of partial cation exchange. The ion-exchanged waveguides maintain the high nonlinear susceptibility of KTiOPO4 to function as frequency doubling laser light sources

二维材料是纳米和光电子领域的最新技术。在微米尺度上用无损方法表征其结构特性是非常重要的。LabRAM Soleil™ 共焦拉曼多模显微镜是表征这些材料的理想工具。

For corrosion purposes, to predict failures, optimize material lifespan, and develop effective corrosion protection strategies, ensuring durability and reliability in demanding environments, different advanced analytical solutions are needed. We will present a comprehensive range of advanced analytical solutions for the corrosion market, designed to address the complexities of corrosion processes and protection strategies.

二硫化钼（MoS2）具有良好的激子复合特性、高载流子迁移率和低漏电流等优点，是一种在下一代光伏太阳能电池、光电电路和传感器很有前途的半导体过渡金属二硫化钼（TMD）二维纳米材料。 与石墨烯相比，二维（2D）TMDs的优点之一来自量子限域，使得间接直接带隙转变成为单个层数的函数。纳米尺度的表征是攻克单层MoS2纳米器件所必需的手段。 基于针尖下纳米区域信号放大的针尖增强光谱（TEOS）实现了这种纳米表征。在2D TMD应用案例中，针尖增强光致发光（TEPL）能够揭示亚微米尺寸薄片中发射光谱的变化。通过AFM成像、针尖增强拉曼光谱（TERS）和KPFM测量，可以同时获得互补的具有纳米空间分辨率的形貌、化学和电子结构信息。

石墨烯是一种二维晶体材料，由排列在蜂窝状晶格中的sp2键合碳原子组成的原子层构成。它是在2004年由A. Geim 和 K. Novoselov发现的，他们也因此获得2010年诺奖。石墨烯具有非凡的性能，特别是极高的电子迁移率，在纳米电子学、光电子学和电池等领域有着广泛的应用。奇怪的是，石墨烯的高导电性阻碍了它的集成，但是最近半导体二维材料的发展，以及它们与石墨烯的潜在结合，使石墨烯重新集成到纳米电子器件中。虽然氧化石墨烯由于其在水中的易分散性而主要被认为是大规模生产石墨烯的中间形式，但氧化石墨烯也因其可被功能化或用作非导电层而受到许多应用的关注。 拉曼光谱通常是碳相的表征，尤其是石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表征，因为它是非破坏性的，能提供了大量的信息，如缺陷、无序、边缘和晶界、厚度、掺杂、应力和热导率。但是，衍射限制拉曼显微镜无法实现石墨烯纳米物体研究所需的超高空间分辨率。然而，基于针尖下纳米区域信号放大的针尖增强技术实现了真正的的纳米表征。侧向照明TERS分析的最新进展甚至为研究石墨烯基结构在器件工作下的行为提供了可能。

Resonance and off-resonance Raman spectroscopy and imaging are used to examine the spatial variation of the solid-state structure and electronic character of few-layer MoS2 flakes. Simultaneous acquisition of photoluminescence spectra with the Raman scattering provides complementary ways of rendering Raman and photoluminescence spectral images of thin-film MoS2.

所有人均至少有过一次消费含糖饮料的经历。鉴于含糖饮料对健康等方面可能产生的潜在影响，必须对其糖含量实施严格管控。此外，为规避糖所具有的一些不利于健康或特定应用的特性，目前糖已在诸多场景中被甜味剂所取代。然而，此类甜味剂的甜度普遍低于天然糖。无论是糖还是甜味剂，其含量均需精确控制，以确保产品质量与安全性。在此，本研究证实拉曼光谱技术可作为质量控制过程中的一种有效解决方案，用于精准识别和评估糖与甜味剂的浓度。

使用含醇凝胶（水醇凝胶）消毒双手已成为日常习惯。与此同时，70%浓度的酒精用于伤口消毒的历史更为悠久。然而，为确保消毒效果，这类产品的酒精浓度不得低于规定阈值，且必须受到严格管控。本应用指南阐述了如何利用拉曼光谱技术在质量控制过程中评估酒精浓度。

多层聚合物薄膜是由多种材料组合而成，且广泛应用于各类工业领域。针对这些多层膜的化学分析，对于支持生产流程、识别缺陷、进行失效分析、理解由粘合剂缺失或分布不均导致的分层问题以及逆向工程均至关重要。本研究借助显微共焦拉曼光谱仪，对两种多层薄膜进行了横截面分析及共焦深度剖析，以探究其化学成分。同时，还展示了 HORIBA LabSpec6 软件中的 Layers 应用，该应用在横截面分析及共焦深度剖析方面具备强大的数据分析功能，能够有效地提取样品信息，从而准确揭示多层膜的化学成分、厚度以及空间分布情况。

由于新冠病毒危机，消毒洗手液已经成为我们日常生活的一部分。然而，洗手液中含有的微塑料可能会给环境及人类健康带来风险。HORIBA 可提供微塑料分析和表征所需要的工具：高性能显微拉曼光谱仪、微塑料样品制备附件以及功能强大的颗粒分析技术 ParticleFinder™。本文使用 HORIBA 微塑料解决方案，分析了三种来自不同国家的洗手液样品，并识别出每种洗手液不同微塑料的含量。

得益于拉曼光谱技术与光学显微镜的巧妙结合，显微拉曼技术已在材料化学结构研究中成为不可或缺的关键工具。本文旨在运用拉曼成像技术，深入探究毫米级核壳结构 SiO₂@TiO₂ 的化学成分。研究人员将 ViewSharp™（基于光学图像自动聚焦技术）与 SmartSampling™（人工智能成像技术）结合，高效且精准地评估 TiO₂ 壳层对 SiO₂ 核的包覆均匀程度。值得一提的是，在本案例的实际应用中，SmartSampling™ 方法相较于传统的拉曼成像技术，速度提升了高达 50 倍，大大提高了研究效率。

Raman bands in the low energy region of the spectrum of crystals are attributed to so-called external lattice vibrational modes. The Raman bands from these external vibrational modes (low energy phonons) are very sensitive to crystal structure and orientation with respect to the incident laser polarization and to molecular interactions within the crystal. The low energy vibrational modes of many organic molecular crystals have very high Raman scattering cross-sections. Raman spectra and images of low energy phonons in so-called two dimensional (2D) crystals such as few-layer MoS2 reveal spatial variations in the solid state structure that are not evident in the higher energy bands.

由于Covid-19流行病的健康危机，除了屏障手势和物理距离措施外，在公共场所戴口罩是强制性的。它现在是我们日常生活的一部分，有助于限制冠状病毒的传播风险。 有三个主要类别的口罩，它们具有不同的保护性能呼吸道防护口罩（FFP）、手术型口罩和纺织口罩。鉴于有这么多的防护口罩可供选择，对其化学成分的研究是至关重要的。事实上，识别构成口罩纤维的物质，可以了解每天暴露在我们皮肤上的物质，从而了解我们的健康。此外，研究它们的结构和化学成分是否对它们各自的过滤能力有影响也很有趣。本应用说明介绍了拉曼微观光谱学，特别是拉曼成像是如何对构成口罩的化学成分进行表征和鉴定的。

纳米毒理学需要对纳米材料进行物理化学表征，以研究组织培养物或模型生物体接触异生物的健康影响。 此类物质可以使用拉曼显微镜进行分析，这对于进行生理学、药理学和毒理学评估非常有用。与标准的暗场显微镜相比CytoViva 获得专利的增强暗场 (EDF) 照明非常适合检测复杂环境（如组织）中存在的非常小的外源性物质，然后用高光谱成像（HSI、CytoViva）来根据其光学特性区分组分特征。 将 EDF 和 HSI 添加到 HORIBA Scientific 的共聚焦拉曼显微镜中，可以在一个平台上进行从检测到区分再到化学鉴定的完整分析（无样移动样品）。

来自渔具的塑料污染是一个危害环境的全球性问题。回收损坏或遗弃的渔具是缓解这一问题的方法之一，但是必须知道聚合物的确切性质，以确定正确的回收流。在本文中，MacroRAM台式拉曼光谱仪与远程BallProbe®被用来快速识别各种刺网样品中使用的塑料。拉曼光谱被证明是一种很好的技术，不仅可以识别不同类型的聚合物，还可以识别一个聚合物类别中的不同变体和包括颜料在内的添加剂。

We have measured solutions of lysozyme under conditions known to effect its physical state in order to investigate the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive and label-free tool to assess protein formulation stability. Results from this study identified specific Raman signature bands in this protein that can be used to identify individual amino acid residues that are reflect structural changes in proteins.

离子交换过程是在具有高非线性易感性和电光系数的晶体中制造通道波导的一种方便方法。我们的想法是创建一个通道，其中的折射率已被充分改变，以实现激光束的限制（导波），同时保留主晶体的高非线性光敏度。通过连续波导中的准相位匹配或分段波导中的平衡相位匹配，可以实现二次谐波的产生，从末端发射的近红外激光束中产生短波长的激光输出。 我们应用三维（3D）拉曼成像来了解和描述化学键和晶体结构的变化，以及测量波导段的体积结构。

在配方过程的最后一步，制药和化妆品行业必须控制他们的产品，检查化合物在最终产品中的分布，或其应用形式，即分散在皮肤上的皮内产品，是否均匀和稳定，以保证产品的功效。在本文中，我们介绍了为什么共焦拉曼光谱仪是表征药物和化妆品的适宜工具。

The application of vibrational selection rules is usually taught with respect to the vibrational motions of individual molecules. However, many of the materials studied by infrared or Raman spectroscopy are solids and even single crystals. Furthermore, some materials such as covalent or ionic solids have no molecular species associated with them. Consequently, there is a need to understand the application of group theory for the determination of spectroscopically active vibrational modes of crystals. The correlation method is ideal for that purpose.

拉曼光谱是聚合物研究的一个有力工具。拉曼光谱可以用来表征原材料，在线或离线监测聚合过程，研究取向和结晶变化，还可以通过了解缺陷和化合物分布来控制质量和真正产品的可追溯性。在这篇文章中，我们介绍了HORIBA拉曼光谱技术在聚合物化学和结构表征中的应用。

Were it not for the problem of photoluminescence, only one laser excitation wavelength would be necessary to perform Raman spectroscopy. Here, we examine the problem of photoluminescence from the material being analyzed and the substrate on which it is supported. Selecting an excitation wavelength that does not generate photoluminescence reduces the noise level and yields a Raman spectrum with a superior signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, we discuss the phenomenon of resonance Raman spectroscopy and the effect that laser excitation wavelength has on the Raman spectrum.

活性分子的多态性表征是制药业的重要信息之一，不仅是在原始粉末上，而且在最终形式上。拉曼光谱仍然是这种应用的合适的解决方案。在本文中，我们介绍了一个使用超低频模块通过拉曼光谱进行多态性表征的例子。

为了控制医药产品的配方，表征其活性成份是至关重要的，特别是在颗粒的形态和化学表征方面。在本应用说明中，我们分析了来自一个仿制药和一个创新药的两种配方，以比较其化合物的大小和形状，并根据LabSpec 6的ParticleFinderTM功能对这两种配方进行化学表征。重点对活性化合物进行了分析。

构成地球的天然岩石组成复杂。天然岩石是由一种或多种矿物的组成。每种矿物可以通过多种指标进行鉴定：化学成分、晶体结构，部分矿物还包含流体包裹体。地质学家需要一种强有力的表征技术以获取有关岩石形成历史的详细信息。拉曼光谱可以提供极其丰富的信息（化学指纹信息、分子结构、键合效应、环境信息和样品的应力分布）。拉曼能实现无损检测和高空间分辨率（<1μm），因此，其是地质研究的必备工具。

由于拉曼光谱技术与光学显微镜技术的结合，拉曼高光谱成像已经成为制药领域不可或缺的工具。本文将介绍我们实验室开发的一些拉曼高光谱成像技术的应用，以证明这项技术的重要性。

海洋环境中微塑料的评估是一个复杂步骤的过程，包括微塑料的取样、分离、检测和量化，每个步骤都很耗时。为了回答微塑料在水生环境中的来源和命运等关键问题，需要分析微塑料的化学成分和形态，这极具挑战性。在本应用报告中，我们提出了一种可复制且时间节约的方法，使用半自动颗粒扫描技术结合显微拉曼光谱对微塑料进行快速而完整的形态和化学表征。通过对大量收集得到的颗粒进行快速分析，可以对大尺寸和小尺寸的样品进行全面评估。

共聚焦拉曼光谱是各个领域的重要分析工具，它在化妆品和/或制药领域的具体应用中显示出很高的效率。它的非侵入性和高分子灵敏度使其成为表征皮肤和化妆品等材料的首选分析技术之一。

过去几年里，随着过敏性疾病的数量增加，急需快速可靠的技术来鉴定花粉类型。实验案例表明，显微拉曼光谱技术可以成功地应用于空气传播花粉的分析和鉴定。由于拉曼光谱具有高度的化学选择性、快速性，并且不需要样品制备，因此拉曼光谱为仅依赖形态参数的光学显微镜方法提供了另一种可行方案。此外，其它光谱方法，如表面等离子共振成像（SPRi）为检测过敏原提供了补充分析工具。由于花粉症已成为一个主要的健康问题，因而对此类鉴定方法的要求越来越高，急需创新性的分析表征工具。

大气中含有大量悬浮颗粒（气溶胶），其化学成分和大小分布因大气区域、气象条件和人类活动而异。气溶胶的尺寸从几纳米到几十微米不等，其在空气中的寿命可长达数周，因此它们可以影响全球和区域性气候。由于气溶胶对环境和人类健康的潜在不利影响，对其化学成分的鉴定尤为关键。例如，尽管工业排放的金属颗粒数量大幅减少，然而仍有富含铅的气溶胶颗粒排放，因而沉降物是土壤中铅污染的主要来源。人类的暴露途径是通过吸入或食用受污染的食物。人类必须在单个颗粒水平上解析气溶胶的物理化学成分，以评估气溶胶的影响。由于典型气溶胶粒子的尺寸很小，因而挑战在于微米尺度下对气溶胶的物理化学特性评估。

Photoluminescence can provide information about the composition and solid state structure of a material. The high spectral resolution of a Raman spectrometer can be useful in performing photoluminescence spectroscopy of solid state materials, particularly when the emission spectra consist of narrow bands or even lines. Having the capability to perform photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies simultaneously with the same instrument is advantageous, especially when studying 2D crystals. When used to perform photoluminescence spectroscopy, the Raman spectrometer becomes two instruments in one.

碳纳米管已大规模生产并广泛应用于汽车、电池、运动装备及水处理等领域。尽管其性能卓越，但单壁碳纳米管在大型器件中的制备仍具挑战。拉曼光谱是分析碳纳米管特性的关键技术，但常规方法受限于分辨率。TERS 纳米拉曼光谱技术则弥补了这一不足，提供更高精度的表征能力，对推动碳纳米管在微电子、光电子及医疗领域的应用至关重要。

Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the temperature of a material when other more direct means are either impractical or not possible. The material’s temperature can affect the peak position of Raman bands. When a Raman band shifts significantly with temperature, the monitoring of the peak position can be the most straightforward manner of determining temperature provided the Raman spectrometer has sufficient spectral resolution. Another method is to determine the temperature from the ratio of the Stokes and anti-Stokes signal strengths of a given Raman band. The latter method requires the ability to detect light at wavelengths longer and shorter than that of the laser and an accurate measurement of the wavelength dependent instrument response function.

拉曼与共振拉曼光谱成为研究酶结构-功能关系的关键工具。针对 DNA 光解酶，其利用 FAD 在光驱动下修复 DNA损伤。为揭示 FAD 与蛋白环境的复杂互作，需明确振动模式分配。光解酶中，DNA 损伤位点与 FAD 紧密接触，但相关振动模式未明。HORIBA 光谱系统成功测定 FAD 中 C(8)-甲基的敏感振动模式，为理解酶-DNA相互作用提供新视角。

The Raman spectra of crystalline and amorphous solids of the same chemical composition can be significantly different primarily because of the presence or absence of spatial order and long range translational symmetry, respectively. The purpose or goal of this installment of Molecular Spectroscopy Workbench is to help readers understand the underlying physics that affect the Raman spectra of crystalline and amorphous solids. Wave vector, reciprocal space, and the Brillouin zone are explained with respect to Raman spectroscopy of solids.

The Raman spectra of a particular face of a single crystal can be significantly different if acquired with different microscope objectives. This article explains the underlying physics of changes in relative intensity and even peak position of certain Raman bands depending on the microscope objective used to acquire the spectrum.

长期以来，法医科学家、海关官员和历史学家都面临着一个难题，即仅凭使用过的墨水就能够验证和鉴定印刷文件。 在纸张表面原位分析油墨是一项困难且通常不可能完成的任务。从根本上说，GC-MS和HPLC等技术具有破坏性，在分析工作开展前，需要复杂的提取程序来分离油墨成分。 拉曼显微光谱技术提供了一种非破坏性的墨水分析方法，可直接鉴定和表征纸张表面的特定墨水。 以下是对不同台式打印机中常用的黑色墨水进行简要研究内容，以及对特定文档来源的识别结果。

激光加工提供了一种快速、非接触和灵活的方法来修改和图案化材料，从玻璃到金属，微加工、薄层烧蚀、双光子聚合只是已经被证明的几个例子。玻璃，新一代的光学材料，可以通过改变其折射率对激光照射作出反应，这种效应已被成功地用于在块状玻璃内创建三维结构（波导、光学存储器、体布拉格光栅等）。

Raman analysis of a 50 μm section of a wheat grain kernel has allowed spectral features corresponding to starch, lipid and proteins to be identified. The distribution of these components on the micron scale has been studied using a Raman mapped image. Decomposition of the Amide I band allows a correlation between protein structures and grain hardness.

Raman spectroscopy is a convenient method for probing the chemical bonding and solid state structure of crystals, and it is sensitive to the presence of dopants, impurities, and crystal defects in the host-crystal lattice. Here is what you need to know about how a hostcrystal Raman spectrum is affected by dopants and impurities.

宽禁带氮化镓的一维半导体-纳米线是纳米器件的主要候选材料。如短波发射器光电器件和大功率/高温电子器件。在单根纳米线上测试其均匀性和组成，并将这些各向异性材料的尺寸和光学特性联系起来非常重要。 该研究中利用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱结合高分辨压电平台对单根GaN纳米线进行了高分辨拉曼测试，实现了准确和可重复定位。 综上所述，采用高分辨共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对单根GaN纳米线进行了完整的偏正拉曼研究。使用的共聚焦拉曼光谱仪结合压电平台具有高的空间分辨率，获得空间分辨率优于200nm的光学特性，保持了共聚焦显微镜下偏振的全部优势。

拉曼光谱是研究半导体基本特性的最常用工具之一。它在确定微电子装置的特性方面特别有效，因为基于硅锗的装置的性能高度依赖于对各层的组成、锗含量和应变的了解。事实上，测量半导体结构中的合金成分和应变的能力对于校准生长过程和控制这些材料的电气和光学行为至关重要。 用拉曼光谱研究机械应力的第一个要求是被调查的材料表现出拉曼活性模式，即在光谱中存在一个明确的拉曼带。这些材料包括 diamonds、 silicon、SiGe、InGaAs、GaAs、GaN等。机械应变直接影响拉曼模式的频率位置，并能解除其退行性。 通常情况下，可以通过分析特征峰位的移动来观察和检测应变，但它也可以影响谱峰的形状，并诱发变宽和变形峰。这些影响取决于材料特性以及应力和应变的几何形状。在这项研究中，我们重点关注激光激发和测量条件的选择。介绍了在可见光和紫外线范围内获得的结果。

Resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrates up to 106 signal enhancement. In this overview a detailed description of how resonance Raman spectroscopy differs from normal Raman spectroscopy is given with some specific examples explained.

The differentiation of polymorphs is important, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. We demonstrate the practicality of using Raman spectroscopy to differentiate crystal forms for polymorph characterization and screening, and explain aspects of chemical bonding and solid state structure that affect the Raman spectra of crystal lattice vibrational modes.

碳纳米管已广泛用于汽车、电池、运动装备等领域，但大规模制备高性能单壁碳纳米管仍具挑战。拉曼光谱是表征碳纳米管特性的关键技术，但常规方法受限于远场光学。TERS 纳米拉曼光谱技术弥补了这一不足，提供了纳米级空间分辨率，对单壁碳纳米管等纳米材料的深入表征至关重要，助力其在微电子、光电子及医疗设备中的集成应用。

A Raman spectrometer’s spectral resolution is determined by its spectral dispersion in conjunction with the entrance slit width. We explain the instrument design parameters involved.

Group theory in conjunction with Raman polarization selection rules may be applied to the study and characterization of crystalline materials. The Polarization–Orientation (P-O) Raman method employs this relationship, and is useful for the identification of a material’s crystal class, orientation, degree of disorder, and determination of the symmetry species to which the Raman bands in a spectrum belong.

Combined Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and imaging are used to examine the spatial variation of solid-state structure and electronic character of two-dimensional (2-D) tungsten disulfide (WS2) crystals. Simultaneous mapping acquisition of PL and Raman scattering from the same spatial locations provide complementary structural information and a way of rendering combinative Raman and PL spectral images of thin film 2-D crystals in general, and WS2 in particular.

Peak-fitting software is frequently written to offer the user a choice of automated peak fitting or one that allows the user to enter specific values of peak shape, amplitude, and width. The shapes are most often presented as a choice of percent Gaussian or Lorentzian profile contributions to the peak. To better understand these spectral profiles, we briefly explain the physical basis of the so-called spectral line shapes. Furthermore, we discuss and model the spectral shape, bandwidth, and broadening to help the reader see how the percentage of Gaussian and Lorentzian components contribute to overall peak shape and how two closely spaced and unresolved peaks of different amplitudes or bandwidths can affect the maximum position and overall appearance of the convolved peak.

We investigated in detail the Raman scattering of barium fluorohalides BaFX (X = Cl, Br, I) in an effort to characterize changes in structure and chemical bonding. The overall picture that emerges from the BaFX Raman data is that with the compositional change from X = Cl → Br → I, electron density shifts from the axial Ba-X bond to the equatorial Ba-X bonds with compositional change to the heavier halide, and that the charge distribution becomes more delocalized in the halide layers. This change in electron density indicates an increase in covalency of the Ba-X bonds from Cl to I.

In the last 30 to 40 years, various new types of carbon materials have been engineered for multiple industrial uses. It is now well-known that the Raman spectrum is sensitive to the structure, even though the spectrum is rather uncomplicated. Because Raman spectroscopy now has a reputation for providing good information, potential users of Raman equipment can request information on the quality of their sample.

Depth profiles of a laminar material have been measured on a confocal Raman microscope with a selection of microscope objectives. It is well known that the quality of the profiles will depend on the quality of the focus, which requires matching the objective’s engineered properties with the properties of the material, particularly the effects of the indices of refraction. Depth profile comparisons performed with a series of objectives will illustrate how better matching improves the spatial resolution and chemical speciation in the depth profile.

We recorded the Raman spectra of NodaxTM (PHBHx-copolymer of hydroxybutyrate) biopolymer class with varying amounts of comonomer hydroxyhexanoate (Hx). The properties of Nodax is controlled by the amount of Hx added. Engineering the polymer for specific applications requires understanding the effects of Hx on the physical and chemical properties, and vibrational spectra provide a window on this information. Inspection of the structure of PHBHx indicates that the addition of Hx only replaces the methyl group with a propyl group on the hydroxyhexanoate segments of the polymer chains.

化学计量学技术不仅预测溶液或混合物中化学物种浓度，还解析物理特性，在聚合物领域尤为有用。聚合物纤维的拉曼特征微妙变化反映分子取向与结晶度，需化学计量学解析光谱变化与物理特性关联。此协同作用为聚合物材料制造监测与控制提供强大工具。

The study of vibrational spectra of linear alkanes has been used in the past to model the structure of polyethylenes. In particular, from these studies it has become clear that, in polyethylene, the longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) frequency is inversely related to the length of polymer units between folds (lamellae), which is determined by sample history. This relationship had been developed by studying a series of linear alkanes. Spectra of samples of (C44H90), (C20D42), (C24D50), and (C36D74) are reported here. Although full spectra were recorded, we were more interested in the behavior in the low frequency region.

Review the band assignments of a protein spectrum, pointing out why it can be useful to know the band assignments when attempting to use the Raman spectra to understand the functionality of proteins. In fact, the American Chemical Society (ACS) has just issued a virtual issue of Journal of Physical Chemistry entitled “Protein Crowding and Stability,” discussing how the protein conformation impacts its biological functionality. I address how the Raman spectra can help with the determination of protein structure.

Stress and strain are terms that are often used interchangeably when discussing the characteristics of materials. Nevertheless, their meanings are different. Stress is a force per unit area applied to an object, and strain is the effect on the object from the stress.

Raman measurements can be used to infer the temperature of a material based on the Stokes and anti-Stokes band signal strengths, and by applying a predefined mathematical relationship. In reality, the temperature, Raman shift, and laser excitation wavelength all interact, and should be considered to better understand these measurements.

采用 Labram HR 800 光谱仪结合倒置显微镜与 X、Y 压电平台，以 100 倍高数值孔径物镜进行拉曼测量，确保高精度与高重复性。每隔 100nm 采集光谱，积分 5 秒，聚焦 1060-1180cm-1 波段。该技术实现优于衍射极限 λ/2 的空间分辨率，显著提升拉曼成像细节。

Raman imaging provides detailed crystal orientation information for two-dimensional MoS2 prepared by chemical vapor deposition on silicon substrates. These two-dimensional crystals consist of individual atomic layers of sulfur, molybdenum, and sulfur atoms.

拉曼仪器的最新发展使该技术更容易使用，更紧凑，更实惠。因此，现在可以利用拉曼光谱在工业上的所有潜力，包括将其与用于浓度校准的统计方法结合使用。

LabSpec 软件处理的拉曼成像图清晰区分了 PBT（红）与 PE（蓝），强调聚合物应用中需精确匹配材料特性与需求。多聚合物组合可协同增效，其成品性能受化学成分与形态共同影响。本文档首部分聚焦 PE-PBT 混合物中成分分散，利用 LabRAM 成像解析化学分布；次部分则深入探讨层压薄膜的深度分析，探索不同聚合物层的特性。

溶剂与水性涂料广泛用于 LCD、清漆、粘合剂等多领域，其干燥过程直接影响产品性能。为优化干燥工艺，卡尔斯鲁厄大学采用倒置显微拉曼光谱技术，结合共焦拉曼光谱仪与倒置显微镜，实现对涂层干燥过程中水分与溶剂分布的在线监测。初步研究显示，该技术在探究涂层材料干燥特性上展现诸多优势，为涂层质量控制提供有力支持。

对颜料的自然科学鉴定有一些问题，因为它们不溶于普通溶剂，特别是当人们处理非常小的样品量的检测或希望进行非破坏性分析时，例如在法医实验室或艺术画作的分析，拉曼光谱被证明是一种非常适合解决这些分析问题的技术，产品鉴定、日期分析或伪造品检测等问题现在都可以用拉曼光谱来解决了，这种分析方法是解决所有这些问题的强有力工具。

专家通常根据风格分析和个人感官感知对古代文物进行鉴定。然而，重要的目的是进行鉴定和年代判定。不同的制造工艺通常会使得产品外观非常相似（从视觉和感官角度来看），但其微观/纳米结构完全不同。与生产过程相关的大量信息仍保留在样品中。针对微结构（陶瓷）和纳米结构（玻璃和搪瓷）的无损拉曼分析提供了一种检索信息的方法，这有助于识别古代文物，也有助于确定其年代。

本研究利用拉曼光谱对中世纪的颜料进行研究，为斯科普里要塞（Skopsko Kale）教堂遗迹的壁画中使用的无机和有机类型的颜料提供了重要信息。

与所有层状结构一样，MoS2中存在两种类型的振动模式：层内振动模式和完整层（层间）运动产生的振动模式。 层内振动模式主要与一层（或多层）的化学成分有关；但是，这些振动模式可能会受到层数的轻微影响。由于完整层的质量大，层间振动模式在非常低的频率下观察到，它们的位置取决于层的数目。因此，这两种类型的模式都可用于确定层数。

Any product used for medical purposes has to follow the adage “do no harm.” In the current work, we assess if and how Raman microscopy, in combination with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), can aid in the characterization of material leached from several implantable devices. The results show both the presence of metal oxides and organic compounds. In one case, two crystalline forms of an identical oxide existed simultaneously, and we suggest that such information may be useful in characterizing the oxidation of the metal. One of the samples was tinged pink, and its spectrum was consistent with a resonance Raman (RR) spectrum of a pigment.

石墨烯作为二维晶体明星材料，引领单层至多层结构新材料潮流。MoS2、MoSe2 等新型无机二维材料，因层数变化展现独特电学、光学特性，备受瞩目。科学家利用光学显微镜捕捉2D晶体颜色变化，快速识别层数。我们曾报道利用共振拉曼光谱与光致发光技术精准成像 MoS2 层数与应变，现聚焦于 WS2 晶体的拉曼与 PL 成像表征，推动二维材料研究深入发展。

Raman 2D-COS spectral data provide information on conformational changes of polymers. Here, Raman spectra of ethylene vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate copolymer are measured and interpreted, enabling a description of morphological changes related to the vinyl acetate group.

与大多数金属相反，我们知道金属氧化物很容易通过其特有的拉曼光谱来区分；它们的存在可以用拉曼光谱在微米的范围内检测出来。

The spectral behavior of water is studied using Raman with an NIR spectrograph and dual wavelength lasers for measurements of both the fingerprint and the OH stretching regions. Raman spectra are recorded between 5 ⁰C and 80 ⁰C, and treated with both band-fitting and the 2D-COS algorithm revealing improved insights into the spectral behavior of water.

Spectral changes revealed by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy can be used to interpret structural changes in polymers determined by processing conditions, so that materials can be rationally engineered for particular applications with known mechanical requirements.

Because of the structural use of polymers, it is important to understand the origin of their strength, elongation to break, elasticity, flexibility, and so on. It is in the very low frequency region (the so called “terahertz” range) where it is believed that the real indicators for crystallinity appear.

碳纳米管作为新型材料，在工程领域备受瞩目。其结构源自石墨层卷曲成管，直径与轴向决定其物理特性，涵盖绝缘、半导体至金属性。多层卷曲则形成多壁碳纳米管。独特的共振现象与拉曼光谱对 CNT 结构的敏感性，使光谱展现强烈波长依赖性，成为识别 CNT 类型的关键工具，特征显著，助力深入研究。

This introduction to two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D COS) illustrates how to understand the structural changes occurring in polyester molecules in the fibers as they are annealed under tension.

纯碳可以以多种形式出现，这些形式由最近的邻接键以及固体的中程和长程排序反映出来，不同形式的碳正在新的工程应用中被利用。拉曼光谱已被证明对许多形式的碳有独特的诊断作用，即使材料是以少量或薄膜形式存在，本文档的讨论应该有助于在设计、监测和控制生产过程中使用拉曼光谱来描述碳的特性。

石墨烯，2004年《科学》首报的高新材料，由单层高结晶石墨构成，是碳材料基础。研究石墨烯需精确识别层数与无序度，显微拉曼光谱技术因其高选择性、分辨率及非破坏性，成为石墨烯领域理想的表征工具，助力石墨烯基器件发展。

拉曼光谱以其对碳材料多晶型的敏感性，在硬碳膜研究中发挥关键作用，能精准分离 G 带石墨碳与 D 带无序碳，预测薄膜硬度、耐久性等多项物理特性。硬盘业广泛采用硬碳涂层保护磁介质，DiskRam 系统应运而生，加速光谱采集并自动分析涂层性能，通过 D、G 带及氮带拟合，简化测试流程，本文档将详细阐述其光谱还原技术。

激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱为宝石学分析标配，亦探究发光特性。研究聚焦天然与人工着色宝石在紫外光下的光致发光差异，以鉴别钻石的天然色彩与HPHT处理，并探讨辐照、退火等处理对钻石色彩增强的效果。

测量的目的是通过拉曼和FT-IR显微光谱法确定未知成分及其在药片中的各自分散情况。

拉曼光谱是制药业中一个强大且广泛使用的分析工具，可以在几秒钟内得到辅料和活性药物成分（API），强大的拉曼光谱库使化学鉴定变得容易。

We show Raman spectra of polymeric fibers acquired as a function of increasing stress and temperature. With knowledge of Raman band assignments, it becomes possible to understand, in detail, the molecular changes that are responsible for polymer orientation and crystallization.

扩散现象自古至今，从染料传播到可控层设计，应用广泛。医疗、农业、工业皆受益，如药物缓释、土壤肥力提升、气体离子分离。然而，控制扩散成新挑战，需深入研究应对。

The resonance Raman spectra of carotenoids vary with subtle changes on the functional side groups, making these spectra useful for identifying and characterizing carotenoids. Carotenoids serve multiple uses in biological systems ranging from visual pigments to antioxidants. Because the resonance Raman spectrum varies with subtle chemical changes on the functional side groups, the spectra of carotenoids have been used for identification and characterization.

制药和晶体样品通常需要详细的表征和分析，以优化样品的稳定性、物理特性以及涉及到活性药物的功效。此外，严格的监管和生产程序要求对固体盐形式的候选药物进行精确的表征，以及环境条件可能产生的影响。不同条件下的水合作用和结构对这种全面的表征非常重要。

Controlling the orientation of the laser and Raman polarization relative to the sample orientation can provide a wealth of information in the Raman spectrum that would be difficult to achieve by other methods. Presentation of the spectra makes these effects appear straightforward, but because of multiple instrumental factors, and experimental design, it is easy to produce erroneous results. This column is going to explain what instrumental components affect the polarization effects that are observed, and how the sample setup itself affects the Raman signal.

Raman spectra of celluloses modified for use in the pharmaceutical, food, and materials industries will be compared and analyzed, with the goal of determining spectroscopic features that can be of use in aiding in the determination of physical and chemical properties.

Full and detailed characterization of pharmaceutical formulations is required before release of new drugs. When exposed to warm and humid weather over time, ingredients may undergo change in their hydration level, thus affecting the properties and/or efficiency of the drug. Raman spectroscopy, combined to a temperature and humidity controller can mimic such harsh conditions and can be used to monitor the properties of the different ingre-dients and track their modifications induced by environmental changes.

通过拉曼光谱和光学显微镜的结合，拉曼高光谱成像已被证明是制药领域不可或缺的工具，特别是在研究药物产品中的活性物质和辅料的分布。

透射拉曼模式相较于传统背散射模式，为材料分析提供了额外灵活性，尤其适用于需要大体积样品平均信息的场景。透射方式测量解决了传统背散射耦合显微镜无法解决的问题。尽管不是新技术，但透射拉曼光谱（TRS）因高功率近红外激光器和专用配件的结合而备受关注。TRS 适用于扩散材料，如制药领域的片剂和胶囊，也适用于其他需要整个样品分析的扩散性和半透明材料。其在生物材料、食品和聚合物等领域均有应用实例，还可成功测量包装内的样品。

拉曼光谱有许多有用的特性，可以在分析药物配方时加以探索和利用：特定的指纹光谱；原位、非接触，最重要的是非破坏性分析；无定形和结晶相的区分；检测晶体的晶格振动；单颗粒表征；快速和强大的原材料分析；自动化和封闭式操作。

在过去的5-10年中，分子固体状态因其在药物生产、稳定性和活性方面的关键作用而受到制药业的重视。同时，在专利保护方面，结晶相的定义已与分子组成同等重要。简单的拉曼测量即可区分不同材料，如立体异构体、多晶形现象及伪多形性（由于水合作用）。拉曼仪器在医药产品鉴定方面的潜力正待开发。

已经开发了一种人类动脉粥样硬化的小鼠模型，这些小鼠敲除了载脂蛋白的基因，这两个测量结果--载脂蛋白敲除小鼠的主动脉和化学研究的结果--表明球状沉积物含有溶解在脂肪酸中的胆固醇，因此在药物开发过程中可以作为动物模型中动脉硬化过程的早期指标。

共焦拉曼光谱开始被认为是在体内条件下对生物组织和人类皮肤进行非侵入性研究的一种高潜力技术。拉曼光谱可用于获得有关皮肤分子组成的信息，其范围可达皮肤表面以下几百微米。

The use of Raman spectroscopy to produce material images whose contrast is derived from chemical or crystallographic species has been seen as quite useful since the introduction of the Raman microscope in 1976, but particularly, more recently, with the development of more sensitive and easier-to-use instruments. When the various species in the field of view have spectra with non-overlapping analytical bands, simple univariate analysis can provide good images. When overlapping bands are present, multivariate techniques, especially MCR (Multivariate Curve Resolution), have been successfully applied. However, there are cases where even MCR results may be problematic. We will look at some maps of a ceramic composite containing SiC, Si, B4C, and Carbon, where each of these species has non-unique spectra to see what type of results flexible software can produce. What is the goal in this type of exercise? For some of us, creating images is like a teenager’s computer game. But really what we are trying to do is to extract information about a sample from its Raman image. A beautiful rendition is nice, but it must yield information. The following will show how Raman maps can provide useful information on a sample.

肥皂组分研究是肥皂工业质量控制的一个重要方面。在本应用报告中，我们通过研究不同类型的硬肥皂，着重展示拉曼显微光谱如何成为研究肥皂条组分的强大技术。

Metal oxides often occur in crystals where there are no molecular units. Here, we provide an introduction to the concepts that need to be understood when analyzing metal oxides in materials such as paint, ceramic pigments, corrosion films, catalysts, and minerals.

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization can take place all along the catalyst life from the control of the synthesis of the precursor to the cpntrol of the catalyst regeneration via the analysis of the surface reaction mechanism.

We examine vapor-phase Raman spectroscopy through the acquisition of spectra from gas molecules confined to the headspace of sealed containers. Studying the Raman spectra of the liquid and vapor phases of compounds with different functional groups, degrees of hydrogen bonding, and polarity provides insight into the energetics of molecular interactions.

The performance of a Raman spectrograph for a particular application will depend, among other things, on its sensitivity and spectral resolution. The sensitivity will determine how long it will take to record a spectrum with a given signal-to-noise ratio. In turn, the grating reflectivity will determine the optical throughput of the instrument. The spectral resolution will determine how easy it will be to extract subtle information from a spectrum.

The presence of electronic transitions in the visible part of the spectrum can provide enormous enhancement of the Raman signals, if these electronic states are not luminescent. In some cases, the signals can increase by as much as six orders of magnitude. How much of an enhancement is possible depends on several factors, such as the width of the excited state, the proximity of the laser to that state, and the enhancement mechanism. The good part of this phenomenon is the increased sensitivity, but the downside is the nonlinearity of the signal, making it difficult to exploit for analytical purposes.

通过将拉曼光谱与显微镜相结合，可以在 1 微米左右的空间分辨率内获得完整的光谱信息。然而，拉曼是一种弱的信号，它的灵敏度并不总是理想的，特别是在分析相对低浓度的细胞内成分的时候。

Here, we discuss the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize oil shale, particularly black shale, which consists of kerogen (fossilized organic matter) trapped in sedimentary rock consisting of clays, calcites, silicates, and titanium dioxides among other inorganic minerals. We show that Raman spectroscopy is useful for characterizing the varieties of kerogen structure (chemical bonding and solid state), differentiating shales with different relative amounts of kerogen to inorganic mineral, and differentiating polymorphs of naturally occurring inorganic oxides.

拉曼显微技术是一项具有广泛应用价值的技术。在生物医学研究中，它与高度选择性识别生物分子(包括氨基酸和蛋白质、DNA/RNA 和化疗药物)的相关性正在迅速被意识到。然而，拉曼散射效率很低，采集时间可能很长，而且检测限高。

拉曼光谱作为一种非侵入性方法，被用于分析精子DNA及紫外线对其的影响，结合多变量分析，能提供准确且可重复的信息，包括精子DNA的损害及其具体位置。精子核DNA的完整性对男性生殖功能至关重要，但其状态难以通过常规显微镜手段确定。现有的商业测试虽能评估DNA的破碎程度，但会导致样本死亡，应用受限。我们的研究发表在《人类生殖》上，旨在系统评估拉曼显微光谱法在精子nDNA状态分析中的效果，并与现有的测试结果进行比较。

在食品质量控制、医药和化妆品生产等领域，污染微生物的鉴定是一个重要的公共安全问题。之前的研究表明，将拉曼光谱与化学计量学方法相结合可以鉴定块装样品以及单个细菌和酵母细胞，以便在物种和菌株水平上进行分类。

在食品质量控制、医药和化妆品生产等领域，污染微生物的鉴定是一个重要的公共安全问题。之前的研究表明，将拉曼光谱与化学计量学方法相结合可以鉴定块装样品以及单个细菌和酵母细胞，以便在物种和菌株水平上进行分类。

识别样本中微生物仍然是环境和医学研究中的一项重大挑战。由于许多细菌无法分离和培养，基于培养物的传统分析技术对细菌分析人员来说存在重大缺陷。 拉曼和显微镜在共聚焦拉曼显微镜仪器（如 LabRAM）中的组合允许在无需培养的条件下几分钟内成功分析离散的单个细菌细胞。

减少周转时间是临床诊断的首要目标。为了评估拉曼光谱的对细菌的鉴别能力，我们直接在固体培养基上分析 9 种细菌和 1 种酵母的微菌落。值得注意的是，常规的菌落培养需要 24 小时，这里的细菌培养仅用 6 小时。这种方法可以最大限度地减少样品制备和培养时间，允许在鉴定后继续培养，以便进行下游抗生素敏感性试验。

在这个应用文档中，SERS 被用来研究糖蛋白 αIIbβ3 的行为（图1），它在血栓形成（病理性血液凝结，可以减少或完全停止组织和器官的血液供应，导致心肌梗塞或中风）中起着关键作用。

The processes involved in creating fibers from organic polymers — either man-made or natural — have the potential to orient the molecules in the fibers. Examination of a number of fibers confirms that orientation is a more or less ubiquitous phenomenon that can be detected and quantified by Raman microscopy. In addition, the presence of molecular orientation can mediate the crystallization process which can also be followed with the Raman signatures.

锂离子电池（LIB）作为可充电电池，广泛应用于便携电子设备及电动汽车。其性能受阴极和阳极状态影响，充放电时锂离子的移动会引发材料结构变化，理想情况下这些变化是可逆的，但在某些情况下可能出现不可逆损伤。拉曼光谱作为一种非接触、快速的分析工具，能够在不破坏样品的情况下实时分析电池充放电过程中的结构变化，是研发和质量控制的理想选择。

It is common for overlapping spectral lines to occur in Raman spectra. To the extent that analytical bands can provide physical or chemical meaning relevant to the material being studied, it becomes necessary to follow these spectral lines separately as sample parameters change. Anyone who has band-fitted spectra knows that the results are fraught with pitfalls. The most common one is to add a spectral component in order to improve the overall fit. The problem with this approach is that there may not be physical or chemical meaning to this extra component.

In several of my earlier columns I discussed the interpretation of Raman spectra. This column continues that theme, examining the spectra of a series of functionalized celluloses. It is interesting to see what is consistent from material to material, and what is different. In particular, it is useful to identify marker bands for the various functional groups. In addition, when identifying an unknown, it is important to identify a collection of functional group bands that would all be present when that functional group is part of a molecule.

Polarization/orientation (P/O) micro-Raman spectroscopy can be used to identify vibrational modes, determine crystal structure, distinguish allotropes and polymorphs, differentiate single from polycrystalline materials, and determine orientation of the crystal and degree of disorder, all on a micrometer scale. P/O micro-Raman spectroscopy promises to be an important analytical tool because of its complementarity to micro-X-ray diffraction.

Raman is usually thought of as a tool for studying molecular and crystalline structure; in this context it also can differentiate the amorphous phase from any number of crystalline phases. However, it is also known that Raman spectra of a crystalline phase can be acquired under conditions where X-ray crystallography indicates that the sample is amorphous. With the development of nanophase materials, Raman is exhibiting a unique capability for characterizing materials that are between crystalline and amorphous.

How can you navigate the maze of choices for detecting molecular vibrations with mid-infrared (IR), near IR (NIR), and visible (Raman)? Understanding what is being measured, how it is measured, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, will help.

Raman spectroscopy can be used to measure the vibrational spectra of both organic and inorganic materials. It is now well understood that Raman spectroscopy can provide information that is not available by other analytical means. This fact has sparked interest in the technique, yet many analysts remain uneasy because of their lack of knowledge or experience.

Graphene has potential applications ranging from computer monitors to solar cells, and Raman spectroscopy is a useful method for its characterization. Graphene, which consists of single layers of perfectly crystalline graphite, was first reported in Science in 2004 (1). It was were created by the "highly sophisticated" technique of peeling off layers of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). One might imagine that Geim and Novoselov and their colleagues were simply searching for a new interesting material, interesting due to the physical properties resulting from its two-dimensional nature.

Raman microscopy has been attractive because of its ability to characterize materials on a spatial scale commensurate with optical microscopy. Typically, the lateral spatial resolution is quoted as determined by the Airy disk (1), which is 1.22λ/NA. λ is the wavelength of the illuminating light, and NA is the numerical aperture, which is equal to nsinθ, where n is the index of refraction of the medium (1.0 in the case of air) and θ is the angle subtended by the optics. However, it is interesting to this aging Raman spectroscopist that in recent years, the quoted spatial resolution of a Raman microscope has been getting smaller and smaller as more instrument manufacturers enter into the business of Raman microscopy.

With the coming shortages in fuel, the issues of high carbon dioxide emissions, and the problems in waste disposal, society is now searching for alternative, sustainable energy sources. Biological materials are being targeted as attractive feedstocks. They are available in industrial and urban waste streams, in lumber and prairie grasses, and in agricultural products including agricultural waste. The major constituents of plant biomass from these sources are polysaccharides and lignin. To capture high-energy products from these materials, useful chemical forms have to be identified and isolated.

Vibrational spectra are of interest to analytical and materials scientists because of their potential to yield nondestructively detailed information on materials. This is because the vibrations quite sensitively reflect interatomic bonding. There are several spectroscopies in which vibrational transitions can be detected. The simplest is infrared (IR) absorption. In this case, when a molecule is irradiated with photons whose energy corresponds to the energy of one of its vibrations (which is in the mid- and far-IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum), those photons will be absorbed.